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BACKGROUND@#Sleep disorders are common but under-researched symptoms in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). We investigated the frequency and factors associated with sleep-related symptoms in patients with MSA and the impact of sleep disturbances on disease severity.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study involved 165 patients with MSA. Three sleep-related symptoms, namely Parkinson's disease (PD)-related sleep problems (PD-SP), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), were evaluated using the PD Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and RBD Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), respectively. Disease severity was evaluated using the Unified MSA Rating Scale (UMSARS).@*RESULTS@#The frequency of PD-SP (PDSS-2 score of ≥18), EDS (ESS score of ≥10), and RBD (RBDSQ score of ≥5) in patients with MSA was 18.8%, 27.3%, and 49.7%, respectively. The frequency of coexistence of all three sleep-related symptoms was 7.3%. Compared with the cerebellar subtype of MSA (MSA-C), the parkinsonism subtype of MSA (MSA-P) was associated with a higher frequency of PD-SP and EDS, but not of RBD. Binary logistic regression revealed that the MSA-P subtype, a higher total UMSARS score, and anxiety were associated with PD-SP; that male sex, a higher total UMSARS score, the MSA-P subtype, and fatigue were associated with EDS; and that male sex, a higher total UMSARS score, and autonomic onset were associated with RBD in patients with MSA. Stepwise linear regression showed that the number of sleep-related symptoms (PD-SP, EDS, and RBD), disease duration, depression, fatigue, and total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score were predictors of disease severity in patients with MSA.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Sleep-related disorders were associated with both MSA subtypes and the severity of disease in patients with MSA, indicating that sleep disorders may reflect the distribution and degree of dopaminergic/non-dopaminergic neuron degeneration in MSA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Cross-Sectional Studies , Multiple System Atrophy , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder , Severity of Illness Index , SleepABSTRACT
:Ischemic stroke (IS) is the main cause of brain dysfunction ,including limb dysfunction ,aphasia and cogni‐tive impairment .Aspirin is the only antiplatelet drug for treatment and prevention of acute‐phase IS that has been proved by evidence‐based medicine .The present article made a review on related researches about prevention and treatment of IS by aspirin in recent years .
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OBJECTIVE: To study the stability of 1, 4-dihydropyridines solutions and the key influencing factors. METHODS: The stabilities of the solutions of several representative drugs, ie, benidipine hydrochloride, amlodipine besylate and nifedipine, were tested in six kinds of solvents of different pHs (pH 1.0, pH 1.2, pH 2.0 hydrochloric acid solutions, pH 4.0 acetic acid solution, pH 6.8 phosphoric acid solution, water) by HPLC method. The effects of several metal ions, Fe3+ concentration and different pH values on the stability of the drug solutions were also investigated. RESULTS: Fe3+could lead to rapid degradation of 1, 4-dihydropyridine drugs, the degradation rate was accelerated with the increase of Fe3+concentration, and the degradation rate was decreased with the increase of pH value. CONCLUSION: The aromatization of 1, 4-dihydropyridines by Fe3+is the main reason for the degradation of 1, 4-dihydropyridines.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>RNA interference is a new technology that inhibit effectively of the expression the specific genes. The present study was designed to investigate whether the plasmid containing the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) can inhibit the hyperplasia of VSMCs in rat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The plasmids containing the shRNA of AT1R were constructed, and transfected vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) to detect the effect on the AT1R expression by RT-PCR and Western blot, and detect the hyperplasia of VSMCs by trypan blues training and MTT.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plasmids was certified to be in the right rank, and there was significant difference (P < 0.01) in the expression of AT1R mRNA and protein between the plasmid transfected group and the control group. There was significant difference (P < 0.01) in the hyperplasia of VSMCs between the plasmid transfected adding Ang II group and the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The plasmids containing the shRNA of AT1R have the effect of RNAi, and inhibit the hyperplasia of VSMCs induced by Ang II in rat.</p>